Atropisomers are a type of stereoisomer that arise from the restricted rotation around a single bond, typically due to steric hindrance. This restricted rotation can lead to two or more distinct spatial arrangements of atoms that cannot interconvert freely without breaking a bond. The term "atropisomer" is primarily used in organic chemistry, particularly in the context of certain biaryl compounds where the rotation around the single bond connecting two aromatic rings is hindered.
Cylindrical σ-algebra is a concept used in the context of infinite-dimensional spaces, commonly in the study of probability theory, functional analysis, and stochastic processes. It is particularly relevant when dealing with sequences or collections of random variables, especially in spaces like \( \mathbb{R}^n \) or other function spaces.
A **Hadamard space** is a specific type of metric space that generalizes the concept of non-positive curvature. More formally, a Hadamard space is a complete metric space where any two points can be connected by a geodesic, and all triangles in the space are "thin" in a sense that closely resembles the behavior of triangles in hyperbolic geometry.
Active galaxies are a class of galaxies that emit an unusually large amount of energy across the electromagnetic spectrum, including visible light, radio waves, X-rays, and gamma rays. This high energy output is primarily associated with an active nucleus, or active galactic nucleus (AGN), which is thought to be powered by a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy.
The Cross Gramian is a mathematical construct used in the fields of control theory, signal processing, and systems theory. It is primarily associated with the analysis of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems and helps in understanding the relationships between different input-output systems. Given two linear systems described by their state-space representations, the Cross Gramian can be used to quantify the interaction between these systems. Specifically, it can be applied to determine controllability and observability properties when dealing with multiple systems.
Zero Population Growth (ZPG) refers to a statistical condition in which a population's size remains constant over time, meaning that the number of births is equal to the number of deaths, leading to no net growth. This concept is often used in discussions about sustainable development and environmental impact.
A demagogue is a political leader who seeks to gain power and influence by manipulating popular emotions, prejudices, and fears, rather than through rational argument or policy proposals. Demagogues often use rhetorical techniques, such as appeals to populism, nationalism, and scapegoating, to rally support. They may spread misinformation or oversimplify complex issues to garner votes or support, often focusing on divisive topics to unite their followers against perceived enemies or threats.
Geolibertarianism is a political philosophy that combines elements of libertarianism with Georgism, a land-use philosophy developed by Henry George in the late 19th century. It emphasizes the importance of individual liberty and property rights while also advocating for the idea that land and natural resources should be considered as common heritage.
Penal populism refers to the phenomenon where political leaders and parties appeal to the public's emotions, fears, and desires regarding crime and punishment to garner support and gain electoral advantage. This often involves advocating for harsher criminal justice policies, increasing punitive measures, and prioritizing "tough on crime" rhetoric over rehabilitation or evidence-based solutions.
"Words and phrases" typically refers to the basic building blocks of language. Here’s a breakdown: 1. **Words**: Individual units of meaning that can stand alone. In English, for example, words can be nouns (e.g., "dog"), verbs (e.g., "run"), adjectives (e.g., "happy"), and more. Words are combined to express ideas, feelings, and actions.
Predictive Mean Matching (PMM) is a statistical technique used in the context of handling missing data, particularly within the framework of multiple imputation. The main goal of PMM is to generate plausible values for missing data based on observed data, while preserving the distributional characteristics of the original dataset. ### Key Features of Predictive Mean Matching: 1. **Model-Based Approach**: PMM begins by fitting a regression model to predict the variable with missing values using other observed variables in the dataset.
Nuclear reactor physics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of nuclear reactions and the behavior of materials within a nuclear reactor. It encompasses the principles and processes underlying the generation of nuclear energy through fission, the interactions of neutrons with reactor materials, and the design, operation, and safety considerations of nuclear reactors.
Axial chirality refers to a type of chirality where a molecule's asymmetry arises not from a center of chirality (like a chiral carbon atom), but from a difference in spatial arrangement around an axis. This form of chirality is commonly observed in certain types of molecules, including biphenyls, terphenyls, and helicenes, where two or more substituents or groups are rotated relative to each other.
A Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) matrix is a mathematical construct used in the context of digital signal processing and linear algebra. It represents the DFT operation in matrix form, enabling the transformation of a sequence of complex or real numbers into its frequency components.
Fascism is a political ideology and movement characterized by authoritarian nationalism, centralized control of the government, and the suppression of political dissent. It emerged in the early 20th century, primarily in Europe, and is often associated with regimes like those led by Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in Germany.
Intelligent Governance for the 21st Century refers to a conceptual framework or approach that emphasizes the use of advanced technologies, data-driven decision-making, and innovative public policies to address complex social, economic, and environmental challenges. This approach recognizes that traditional governance models may struggle to cope with the rapid pace of change and complexity in today's world.
Legal positivism is a school of thought in legal philosophy that asserts that the validity of law is not connected to moral or ethical considerations but is instead determined by its sources and formal criteria. According to legal positivism, laws are rules created by human beings and are valid because they are enacted by legitimate authority or follow established procedures, rather than because they are just or moral.
(303775) 2005 QU182 is a minor planet located in the outer region of the solar system, specifically classified as a centaur. Centaurs are small celestial bodies that have characteristics of both asteroids and comets, typically orbiting between the orbits of Jupiter and Neptune. This specific object was discovered in 2005.
(612533) 2002 XV93 is a designation for a trans-Neptunian object (TNO) located in the outer solar system, specifically in the Kuiper Belt. TNOs are celestial bodies that orbit the Sun beyond Neptune.
The Value of Lost Load (VoLL) is an economic measure used primarily in electrical power systems and energy economics. It quantifies the economic impact of power outages by estimating the monetary value of electricity not supplied during a power interruption. Essentially, VoLL reflects how much consumers are willing to pay to avoid a power outage or how much they lose when they experience one. VoLL is typically expressed in terms of currency per unit of energy not supplied (e.g.