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In the context of Wikipedia and similar collaborative projects, "stubs" refer to articles that are incomplete and provide insufficient information on a topic. They are essentially minimal entries that may be just a couple of paragraphs long and need more content to adequately cover the subject matter.

Algebraic properties of elements typically refer to the rules and concepts in algebra that describe how elements (such as numbers, variables, or algebraic structures) behave under various operations. These properties are fundamental to understanding algebra. Here are some key algebraic properties: 1. **Closure Property**: A set is closed under an operation if performing that operation on members of the set always produces a member of the same set. For example, the set of integers is closed under addition and multiplication.

Algebraic structures are fundamental concepts in abstract algebra that provide a framework for understanding and analyzing mathematical systems in terms of their operations and properties. An algebraic structure consists of a set accompanied by one or more binary operations that satisfy specific axioms.

A binary operation is a type of mathematical operation that combines two elements (often referred to as operands) from a set to produce another element from the same set.

In mathematics, particularly in category theory, a morphism is a structure-preserving map between two mathematical structures. Morphisms generalize the idea of functions to a broader context that can apply to various mathematical objects like sets, topological spaces, groups, rings, and more. ### Key Aspects of Morphisms: 1. **Categories**: Morphisms are a fundamental concept in category theory where objects and morphisms form a category.

Process calculi are formal models used to describe and analyze the behavior of concurrent systems, where multiple processes execute simultaneously. They provide a mathematical framework for understanding interactions between processes, communication, synchronization, and the composition of processes. Process calculi are foundational in the field of concurrency theory and have applications in various areas, including computer science, networks, and distributed systems.

In mathematics and physics, a **scalar** is a quantity that is fully described by a single numerical value (magnitude) and does not have any direction. Scalars can be contrasted with vectors, which have both magnitude and direction. Some common examples of scalars include: - Temperature (e.g., 30 degrees Celsius) - Mass (e.g., 5 kilograms) - Time (e.g., 10 seconds) - Distance (e.g., 100 meters) - Speed (e.

Ternary operations, also known as ternary conditional operators or ternary expressions, refer to operations that take three operands. In programming, the most common example of a ternary operation is the ternary conditional operator, which is often used as a shorthand for an `if-else` statement. ### Ternary Conditional Operator The syntax typically appears as follows: ```plaintext condition ?

In abstract algebra, a branch of mathematics that deals with algebraic structures, theorems serve as fundamental results or propositions that have been rigorously proven based on axioms and previously established theorems. Here are some significant theorems and concepts in abstract algebra: 1. **Group Theory Theorems**: - **Lagrange's Theorem**: In a finite group, the order (number of elements) of any subgroup divides the order of the group.

In both mathematics and physics, a vector is a fundamental concept that represents both a quantity and a direction. ### In Mathematics: 1. **Definition**: A vector is an ordered collection of numbers, which are called components. In a more formal sense, a vector can be represented as an arrow in a specific space (like 2D or 3D), where its length denotes the magnitude and the direction of the arrow indicates the direction of the vector.

In algebra, the absolute value of a number is a measure of its distance from zero on the number line, regardless of direction. The absolute value of a number is always non-negative. The absolute value is denoted by two vertical bars surrounding the number or expression. For example, the absolute value of \( x \) is written as \( |x| \).

An absolutely convex set is a concept from functional analysis and convex geometry.

The Absorption Law is a principle in both Boolean algebra and set theory that describes how certain operations can "absorb" each other to simplify expressions.

The additive identity is a concept in mathematics that refers to a number which, when added to any other number, does not change the value of that number. In the set of real numbers (as well as in many other mathematical systems), the additive identity is the number \(0\).

The additive inverse of a number is the value that, when added to that number, results in zero. In mathematical terms, for any number \( a \), its additive inverse is \( -a \).

An algebraic element is an element \( \alpha \) of a field extension \( K \) over a base field \( F \) such that \( \alpha \) is a root of some non-zero polynomial with coefficients in \( F \). In other words, there exists a polynomial \( f(x) \in F[x] \) such that \[ f(\alpha) = 0.

Algebraic independence is a concept from algebraic geometry and number theory that describes a certain property of numbers, functions, or algebraic entities. It refers to a set of elements that cannot satisfy any non-trivial polynomial relations with rational (or integer) coefficients.

An algebraic structure is a set paired with one or more operations that satisfy certain axioms or rules. In mathematics, algebraic structures provide a framework for studying various mathematical concepts and properties. Here are some common types of algebraic structures: 1. **Groups**: A set \(G\) with a binary operation \(*\) that satisfies the following properties: - Closure: For all \(a, b \in G\), \(a * b \in G\).

Arity is a concept that refers to the number of arguments or operands that a function or operation takes. It's commonly used in mathematics and programming to describe how many inputs a function requires to produce an output. For example: - A function with an arity of 0 takes no arguments (often referred to as a constant function). - A function with an arity of 1 takes one argument (e.g., a unary function).

An **automorphism** is a special type of isomorphism in the context of mathematical structures. More specifically, it is a bijective (one-to-one and onto) mapping from a mathematical object to itself that preserves the structure of that object. ### Key Points: 1. **Mathematical Structures**: Automorphisms can exist in various mathematical contexts, such as groups, rings, vector spaces, graphs, and more.