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Trustworthy computing refers to the design, development, and implementation of computer systems and software that are reliable, secure, and ethical. The concept emerged primarily from the need to build systems that users can trust, especially as technology has integrated more deeply into individuals' lives and organizational operations. The principles of trustworthy computing encompass several key aspects: 1. **Security**: Systems should be protected against unauthorized access, data breaches, and cyberattacks.

A tunneling protocol is a method used to encapsulate and transmit data packets from one network to another through an intermediary network. It creates a "tunnel" through which the data travels, often over public or less secure networks while maintaining the integrity and security of the original data.

Typed Assembly Language (TAL) is a programming language designed to provide a strong type system for low-level programming, specifically for the realm of assembly language. TAL offers a way to express the types of data that can be manipulated in assembly, helping to ensure type safety and correctness of the programs written in this language. TAL is particularly important in the context of verifying properties about programs, such as safety and security.

The U.S. Cyber Challenge is a program designed to identify and develop skilled individuals in cybersecurity. It aims to address the growing demand for cybersecurity professionals in the United States by providing training, competitions, and resources for aspiring cybersecurity experts. The initiative often includes competitions known as "Capture the Flag" events, where participants can demonstrate their skills in solving cybersecurity challenges, such as network defense, digital forensics, and vulnerability assessment. By nurturing talent and providing avenues for practical experience, the U.S.

An Unspent Transaction Output (UTXO) is a concept used in blockchain and cryptocurrency systems, particularly in Bitcoin. It refers to the outputs of a blockchain transaction that have not yet been spent or used in another transaction. Understanding UTXOs is essential for grasping how transactions are processed in such systems. Here's a breakdown of the concept: 1. **Transaction Outputs**: When a cryptocurrency transaction occurs, it involves inputs and outputs.

In the context of computer science, "Vanish" refers to a system designed for secure data storage and sharing that leverages cryptographic techniques to ensure that sensitive information can be erased or rendered inaccessible after a certain period. Vanish enables users to store information in such a way that it becomes unrecoverable after a defined time interval, which is particularly useful for protecting privacy and maintaining data temporality.

The Vastaamo data breach refers to a significant security incident that occurred in late 2020 involving Vastaamo, a Finnish psychotherapy clinic. The breach resulted in the exposure and theft of sensitive personal information of thousands of patients. Hackers accessed the clinic's database and stole private therapy notes, personal identifiers, and other confidential information related to patients. They then demanded a ransom from Vastaamo in exchange for not releasing this sensitive data.

The Vulnerabilities Equities Process (VEP) is a formalized process used by the United States government, primarily within the context of cybersecurity, to determine how to handle newly discovered software vulnerabilities. The VEP's main goal is to weigh the potential risks and benefits of disclosing a vulnerability to the public versus keeping it secret for intelligence or law enforcement purposes.

The Vulnerability Discovery Model is a theoretical framework used to understand and predict the emergence, identification, and reporting of vulnerabilities in software and systems. This model often considers various factors such as: 1. **Time**: How vulnerabilities are discovered over time and the patterns associated with their discovery. 2. **Methods of Discovery**: The techniques used by security researchers, hackers, and automated tools to find vulnerabilities, including static code analysis, fuzz testing, manual code reviews, and others.

Vulnerability assessment in computing refers to a systematic process used to identify, quantify, and prioritize vulnerabilities in a system, network, or application. The primary goal is to understand security weaknesses that could be exploited by attackers, allowing organizations to take appropriate measures to mitigate potential risks. Here's an overview of key components involved in vulnerability assessment: 1. **Identification**: This involves scanning systems, networks, and applications using automated tools (like vulnerability scanners) or manual techniques to identify known vulnerabilities.

WS-SecurityPolicy is a specification that extends Web Services Security (WS-Security) to provide a framework for defining security policies for web services. It is part of the broader set of WS-* specifications that standardize various aspects of web services. The primary purpose of WS-SecurityPolicy is to specify the security requirements and constraints for web services interactions.

The Ware Report, formally known as the "Ware Report on the Future of the Black Community," was a significant 1969 document produced by a group of prominent African American scholars and activists. The report was commissioned by the President's National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders, often referred to as the Kerner Commission. It was named after its lead author, Dr. William Ware.

In the context of cybersecurity, a "wargame" refers to a simulated exercise or competition that tests the skills of individuals or teams in offensive or defensive cyber operations. These wargames often aim to replicate real-world scenarios where hackers attempt to breach systems or networks, while defenders work to protect them.

Zardoz is a tool that is designed for automated vulnerability scanning and security assessment of web applications. It helps identify potential security risks and weaknesses in software, enabling developers and security teams to address vulnerabilities before they can be exploited by malicious actors. Zardoz typically focuses on various security aspects, such as: - **Input validation vulnerabilities**: Identifying potential issues related to user input handling that could lead to attacks like SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and command injection.

In computing, a **zero-day** refers to a newly discovered security vulnerability in software that is unknown to the organization responsible for patching or fixing it. The term "zero-day" derives from the fact that the developers have had zero days to address the security flaw since its discovery. Zero-day exploits are particularly dangerous because they can be leveraged by attackers to compromise systems, steal data, or spread malware before any protective measures are taken.

A zero-knowledge service refers to a system or protocol that ensures the privacy of data while allowing one party to prove certain information to another without revealing any sensitive specifics. The concept originates from "zero-knowledge proofs," a cryptographic method where one party (the prover) can prove to another party (the verifier) that they know a value (like a password or secret) without revealing the actual value itself.