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The term "equations of astronomy" can refer to various mathematical formulations and relationships that describe celestial phenomena and motions. These equations are essential for understanding the positions and movements of celestial bodies, including planets, moons, stars, and other astronomical objects.

Unsolved problems in astronomy encompass a wide range of questions and challenges that scientists and researchers are currently grappling with. Here are some of the major unsolved problems in the field: 1. **Dark Matter and Dark Energy**: While these components are believed to make up about 95% of the universe, their exact nature remains unknown. What is dark matter? Why does dark energy have a repulsive effect and drive the acceleration of the universe's expansion?

The Big Bang is the leading scientific explanation for the origin of the universe. It describes the event that occurred approximately 13.8 billion years ago when the universe began to expand from an extremely hot and dense state. This event marks the beginning of time and space as we understand them. Key aspects of the Big Bang theory include: 1. **Cosmic Expansion**: The universe has been expanding since the Big Bang.

Cosmogony is the study of the origin and development of the universe, particularly the processes that lead to the creation of celestial bodies and the cosmos as a whole. It encompasses various philosophical, religious, and scientific explanations of how the universe came into being. In mythology and religion, cosmogonies often include narratives that describe the creation of the world by deities or cosmic forces.

Dark matter is a form of matter that does not emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible and detectable only through its gravitational effects on visible matter. It is believed to make up about 27% of the universe's mass-energy content, while ordinary matter (like stars and planets) constitutes only about 5%. The remaining 68% is attributed to dark energy, which is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe.

In cosmology, "inflation" refers to a rapid expansion of the universe that is believed to have occurred in the first few moments after the Big Bang, specifically between approximately \(10^{-36}\) seconds and \(10^{-32}\) seconds after the event. This theory was proposed in the early 1980s by physicist Alan Guth and later developed by others. The key features of cosmic inflation include: 1. **Exponential Expansion**: During inflation, the universe expanded exponentially.

Spectroscopy is a scientific technique used to study the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. It involves measuring the light spectrum emitted, absorbed, or scattered by materials in order to obtain information about their composition, structure, and physical properties. The basic principle of spectroscopy is that different substances interact with light in unique ways, producing distinct patterns or spectra that serve as "fingerprints" for identification and analysis.

Star formation is the process by which dense regions within molecular clouds in space collapse under their own gravity to form new stars. This process involves several stages and is a fundamental aspect of astrophysics and cosmology. Here are the key steps involved in star formation: 1. **Molecular Clouds**: Star formation begins in molecular clouds, which are large regions of gas and dust that are cool enough for hydrogen atoms to combine into molecules. These clouds are often referred to as stellar nurseries.

Stellar evolution refers to the process by which stars change over time. This process involves various stages that a star goes through from its formation to its eventual death. The life cycle of a star is influenced by its initial mass, composition, and other factors. Here are the main stages of stellar evolution: 1. **Nebula**: Stars begin their lives in large clouds of gas and dust called nebulae.