Children: Spectroscopy
Spectroelectrochemistry is an interdisciplinary field that combines electrochemistry and spectroscopy to study the properties and behaviors of chemical species at electrochemical interfaces. It involves the simultaneous application of electrochemical techniques and spectroscopic methods to obtain detailed information about the electronic, molecular, and ionic states of species involved in redox processes.
A spectrohelioscope is a specialized astronomical instrument used to observe the Sun in different wavelengths of light, allowing scientists to study its surface and atmospheric phenomena in detail. The term itself combines "spectrum" (referring to the range of wavelengths of light) and "helioscope" (a device for observing the Sun). Spectrohelioscopes work by dispersing light from the Sun to separate it into its constituent colors, or spectra.
Spectrophotometry is an analytical method used to measure the intensity of light absorbed by a sample at specific wavelengths. This technique is based on the principle that substances absorb light at characteristic wavelengths, and the amount of light absorbed can be related to the concentration of the substance in the sample according to Beer-Lambert's Law. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Light Absorption**: When light passes through a sample, certain wavelengths are absorbed while others may be transmitted or reflected.
A spectroradiometer is an analytical instrument used to measure the intensity of light at different wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. It combines the functions of a spectrometer and a radiometer, allowing for the characterization of both the spectral and radiant properties of light sources.
Spectroscopic notation is a way to represent the electronic configuration of atoms and ions in a concise manner, using specific symbols to denote the energy levels, subshells, and the number of electrons in each subshell. It is particularly useful for describing the quantum states of electrons in atoms, which is essential for understanding chemical behavior and spectral lines.
The Stark effect is the phenomenon in which the energy levels of atoms and molecules are shifted and split in the presence of an external electric field. This effect is named after the German physicist Johann Stark, who discovered it in 1913. When an external electric field is applied, it interacts with the electric dipole moments of the atoms or molecules.
Stark spectroscopy is a technique used to investigate the interactions between electric fields and atomic or molecular systems. It relies on the Stark effect, which describes the phenomenon where an external electric field causes a shift and splitting of energy levels in atoms or molecules. This effect is named after Johannes Stark, who discovered it in 1913. In Stark spectroscopy, an external electric field is applied while measuring the absorption or emission spectra of a sample.
Stationary-wave Integrated Fourier-transform Spectrometry (SWIFT) is a sophisticated spectroscopic technique developed to analyze the spectral properties of light, particularly in measuring absorption and emission spectra. This method combines principles of both stationary wave phenomena and Fourier-transform techniques to enhance the sensitivity and resolution of spectral measurements. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Stationary Waves**: In the context of optics, stationary waves refer to wave patterns that remain fixed in space due to the interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions.
Stereoscopic spectroscopy is a technique that combines principles of spectroscopy with stereoscopic imaging to analyze and visualize the spectral characteristics of samples in three dimensions. This method allows researchers to obtain detailed information about the spatial distribution and chemical composition of materials. In traditional spectroscopy, light is used to study the interaction of different materials with electromagnetic radiation, often providing information about their molecular or atomic structure.
Surface core level shift (SCLS) refers to the phenomenon observed in surface-sensitive spectroscopic techniques, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), where the binding energy of core-level electrons in atoms located at or near the surface of a material differs from that of the same atoms in the bulk of the material.
Surface differential reflectivity (often abbreviated as ZDR) is a radar measurement used primarily in meteorology to characterize precipitation and its properties. It is derived from the difference in the reflectivity of horizontally and vertically polarized radar waves. This measurement helps distinguish between different types of hydrometeors, such as rain, snow, hail, and even the presence of non-meteorological targets (like birds or insects).
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) is an optical technique used to measure the binding interactions between biomolecules in real time and without the need for labeling. It exploits the unique properties of surface plasmons, which are coherent oscillations of free electrons at the surface of a conductor, typically at the interface between a metal (usually gold or silver) and a dielectric medium (often water or air).
TNP-ATP, or 2,3,4-trinitrophenyl-ATP, is a chemical compound that is an analog of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) with a trinitrophenyl (TNP) group attached to the adenine portion of the molecule. TNP-ATP is often used in biochemical research as a fluorescent probe to study ATP-binding proteins and to investigate ATP-mediated processes in biological systems.
The Tanabe–Sugano diagram is a graphical representation used in the field of coordination chemistry and solid-state chemistry to illustrate the energy levels of electronic states in transition metal complexes. It is particularly useful for understanding the effects of ligand field splitting on the d-orbitals of transition metal ions as they interact with ligands.
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and technology are fields that study electromagnetic radiation in the terahertz frequency range, typically defined as frequencies from 0.1 THz to 10 THz (or wavelengths from about 3 mm to 30 µm). This region lies between the microwave and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum and has gained considerable interest for various scientific and technological applications.
Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) is a powerful analytical technique used to study materials in the terahertz (THz) frequency range, which generally spans from about 0.1 to 10 THz (or 0.1 to 10 THz = 0.1 to 10 x 10¹² Hz). This method provides information about the electronic, vibrational, and rotational dynamics of both solid and liquid materials.
The Unscrambler is a software tool used for multivariate data analysis, often applied in fields like chemistry, food science, and quality control, among others. It is developed by CAMO Software and provides a range of statistical and graphical tools to analyze complex data sets. Users can perform tasks like principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares regression (PLS), and other chemometric methods.
Thermally Stimulated Current Spectroscopy (TSC or TSCs) is a technique used to investigate the electrical properties of materials, particularly in the field of solid-state physics, materials science, and semiconductor research. This method is particularly useful for studying traps, defects, and charge carrier dynamics within insulators, semiconductors, and polymers. ### Basic Principles: 1. **Sample Preparation**: A sample, often a dielectric material or semiconductor, is subjected to a temperature-dependent electrical measurement.
Time-domain diffuse optics is a technique used primarily in biomedical imaging and material characterization that employs light to probe tissues or other scattering media. It is based on the principles of optics and utilizes the time-dependent behavior of light as it interacts with a medium that diffuses light. ### Key Concepts: 1. **Diffuse Optics**: This refers to the study of how light propagates through scattering media, such as biological tissues.
"Time of flight" (ToF) typically refers to the time it takes for an object, particle, or signal to travel from one point to another. It is commonly used in various scientific and engineering applications, including: 1. **Physics**: In physics, time of flight can describe the time it takes for a projectile to travel through the air, which can depend on factors like initial velocity, launch angle, and gravitational acceleration.