The fractional quantum Hall effect (FQHE) is a phenomenon that occurs in two-dimensional electron systems subjected to strong magnetic fields and low temperatures. This effect is characterized by the existence of quantized Hall conductance at fractional values of the fundamental quantum of conductance, which is e²/h, where "e" is the charge of an electron and "h" is Planck's constant. The FQHE was first observed in 1982 by David Thouless, F. Duncan M.
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The fractional quantum Hall effect is quantized transverse sheet conductivity at fractional filling factors, produced by interacting electrons. The Laughlin wavefunction describes the sequence , with odd , including .[ref]
For an original ideal readout example, take a Hall bar on the plateau with negligible longitudinal sheet conductivity. The quantum Hall conductivity tensor inversion givesHere is the von Klitzing constant; denotes transverse electrical resistance, rather than the bulk Hall coefficient. Thus a fractional sheet conductivity corresponds to a larger transverse electrical resistance. The fraction labels a collective quantum state: it does not mean that each electron has acquired one third of its usual electric charge.
TODO original experiment?
Laughlin paper: 1981 Quantized Hall conductivity in two dimensions.