Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is an analytical technique used to identify and study chemical substances based on their interaction with infrared radiation. The fundamental principle of IR spectroscopy involves the absorption of infrared light by molecules, causing them to vibrate. Different chemical bonds within a molecule will absorb infrared light at characteristic frequencies, which depend on factors such as the types of atoms involved, the bond lengths, and the molecular structure.
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) is a technique primarily used in infrared spectroscopy to analyze the surface properties of materials. It's particularly effective for studying thin films, coatings, or solid samples without the need for extensive sample preparation. ### Key Features of ATR: 1. **Principle**: - ATR relies on the phenomenon of total internal reflection.
Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) is an analytical technique used to obtain the infrared spectrum of solid and powdered samples. It is particularly useful for materials that are difficult to analyze in traditional transmission mode, such as powders, solid materials, and heterogeneous samples. ### Key Features of DRIFTS: 1. **Principle of Operation**: DRIFTS involves the interaction of infrared radiation with the sample surface.
Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is an analytical technique used to obtain the infrared spectrum of absorption or emission of a solid, liquid, or gas. It is widely employed in chemistry, material science, and various fields to identify and characterize substances based on their molecular vibrations. ### Key Features of FTIR: 1. **Principle**: FTIR works on the principle that different molecules absorb specific frequencies of infrared light to produce vibrational transitions.
GEISA (Gestionnaire d'Etalonnage des Instruments Scientifiques et Atmosphériques) is a database and software system developed by the French National Centre for Meteorological Research (CNRM) and the French National Institute for the Prevention of Atmospheric and Oceanic Research (CNES). It is primarily used for the analysis and retrieval of atmospheric radiative transfer data.
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) is a powerful analytical technique widely used in geology for various applications. Here are some of the primary applications of FTIR in geological studies: 1. **Mineral Identification**: FTIR is extensively used to identify and characterize minerals through their specific absorption bands. Different minerals exhibit unique spectral signatures, allowing for precise identification. 2. **Clay Mineral Analysis**: FTIR is particularly useful in the study of clay minerals, which have complex structures.
A Golay cell, also known as a Golay detector or Golay sound cell, is an electrochemical device used for the detection and measurement of infrared radiation, particularly in the mid-infrared range. It is named after the Swiss physicist Marcel Golay, who contributed to its development. ### Key Features of Golay Cells: 1. **Structure**: A Golay cell typically consists of a gas-filled chamber with a diaphragm and a pair of electrodes.
The Hagen–Rubens relation is a formula that describes the relationship between the electrical conductivity of a material and its optical properties, particularly in the context of metallic materials and their interaction with electromagnetic radiation. Specifically, it relates the extinction coefficient (which measures how much light is absorbed or scattered) to the electrical conductivity of a metal or a degenerate semiconductor at certain frequencies, generally in the infrared range.
Infrared Nanospectroscopy, often referred to as AFM-IR (Atomic Force Microscopy-Infrared Spectroscopy), is a technique that combines atomic force microscopy (AFM) with infrared (IR) spectroscopy to provide spatially resolved chemical information at the nanoscale. This innovative approach enables researchers to study the chemical composition and properties of materials with high spatial resolution, typically at the nanoscale level, which is much finer than conventional IR spectroscopy techniques.
An infrared spectroscopy correlation table is a reference tool that correlates specific functional groups and molecular structures to their characteristic absorption wavelengths (or frequencies) in the infrared (IR) region of the electromagnetic spectrum. These correlations are particularly useful in identifying various chemical compounds through their IR spectra. ### Key Components of an Infrared Spectroscopy Correlation Table: 1. **Wavenumber (cm⁻¹)**: The main output of an IR spectroscopy analysis, indicating the frequency of vibrations of bonds in a molecule.
Libration in the context of molecular chemistry refers to a type of molecular motion, often associated with the oscillatory behavior of atoms or groups within a molecule. This motion usually involves small oscillations around an equilibrium position rather than large-scale rotations or translations. In many cases, libration is observed in large or complex organic molecules, especially those with flexible structures, where certain parts of the molecule can move relative to one another.
Microfluidic modulation spectroscopy is a technique that combines the principles of microfluidics with spectroscopic methods to analyze and manipulate small volumes of fluids at the microscale. This approach is particularly useful in various fields such as chemistry, biology, and materials science, as it allows for the study of samples with high sensitivity and precision.
Mulling is a technique used in spectroscopy, particularly in infrared (IR) spectroscopy, to prepare samples for analysis. In this method, a small amount of the solid sample is blended with a mulling agent, usually a non-volatile liquid, to create a uniform paste or suspension that can be analyzed. The mulling agent is typically an oil or other solvent that can help disperse the solid sample and improve its compatibility with the spectroscopic technique being used.
Nano-FTIR (Nanoscopic Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) is an advanced spectroscopic technique that combines traditional Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with nanoscale imaging capabilities. This method allows researchers to obtain high-resolution infrared spectra of materials at the nanometer scale, providing detailed information about molecular vibrations and chemical composition.
A Nondispersive Infrared (NDIR) sensor is a type of gas sensor that measures the concentration of specific gases by detecting the infrared radiation absorbed by those gases. NDIR sensors operate on the principle that different gases absorb infrared light at specific wavelengths. Here’s how they work: 1. **Infrared Source**: The sensor consists of an infrared light source (usually an LED or infrared lamp) that emits light over a spectrum that includes the wavelengths corresponding to the gases of interest.
Nujol is a trademarked name for a mineral oil that is commonly used as a solvent in the preparation of certain types of reagents and analytical mixtures, particularly in chemistry. It is often utilized in laboratories for its inert properties, meaning it does not react with the substances being studied. In addition to its use in laboratory settings, Nujol is sometimes referred to in the context of oiling and lubricating machinery or as a medium for certain industrial applications.
An overtone band refers to a group of spectral lines that correspond to the molecular vibrations of a substance where the vibrational frequency is a multiple (or harmonic) of the fundamental frequency. In the context of spectroscopy, overtones are associated with higher energy transitions that occur beyond the fundamental vibrational transitions of a molecule.
Project 1640 is an astronomical initiative aimed at directly imaging exoplanets, particularly those orbiting around nearby stars. The project primarily focuses on using advanced adaptive optics and coronagraphy techniques to minimize the light from a star, allowing astronomers to detect and study the light coming from planets that orbit those stars. The project was developed specifically to enhance the capabilities of telescopes like the Palomar Observatory's Hale Telescope.
The Rule of Mutual Exclusion is a principle in various fields, including computer science, game theory, and economics, that ensures that certain activities or events cannot occur simultaneously. The concept is especially important in scenarios where resources are limited or where operations must not interfere with one another. In computer science, mutual exclusion is a key concept in concurrent programming.
The Spectral Database for Organic Compounds (SDBS) is a comprehensive online resource that provides access to spectral data for a wide variety of organic compounds. It is maintained by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Japan. The database includes different types of spectral data, such as: 1. **Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectra**: These provide information about the molecular structure and help in identifying compounds based on their chemical environment.
Spectro-Polarimetric High-Contrast Exoplanet Research (SPHERE) is a sophisticated astronomical instrument designed for direct imaging and characterization of exoplanets around nearby stars. Developed for use with telescopes like the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile, SPHERE combines several advanced techniques to improve the detection and analysis of faint objects, such as planets, in the vicinity of much brighter stars.
The Tolman electronic parameter, often abbreviated as \( \tau \), is a measure used in coordination chemistry to describe the trans influence of ligands in a coordination complex, particularly with regard to how they affect the electronic properties of metal centers. Specifically, it provides insight into the ability of a ligand to stabilize certain oxidation states of a metal ion and how they interact electronically with the metal. The parameter is named after Richard C.
Two-dimensional infrared (2D IR) spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to investigate the dynamics and interactions of molecular systems. It combines the principles of traditional infrared spectroscopy with two-dimensional data analysis, allowing for a more detailed characterization of molecular vibrations, interactions, and conformations.
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