Carbon has three main isotopes: carbon-12 (\(^{12}\text{C}\)), carbon-13 (\(^{13}\text{C}\)), and carbon-14 (\(^{14}\text{C}\)). Each isotope has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, leading to differences in their atomic masses.
Carbon-12 (\(^12C\)) is a stable isotope of carbon, which is one of the fundamental elements in chemistry and biology. It is the most abundant carbon isotope, accounting for about 98.9% of all naturally occurring carbon.
Fractionation of carbon isotopes in oxygenic photosynthesis refers to the differential uptake and incorporation of carbon isotopes (\(^{12}C\) and \(^{13}C\)) by photosynthetic organisms, primarily plants and cyanobacteria, during the process of converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into organic carbon compounds using sunlight.
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