Jewish biophysicists

The term "Jewish biophysicists" refers to biophysicists who identify as Jewish, either culturally or religiously. Biophysicists study the physical principles underlying biological processes, often integrating techniques and concepts from physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering to understand the molecular mechanisms of life. The Jewish community has made notable contributions to various fields of science, including biophysics.

Aaron Klug (1926-2018) was a renowned British chemist and biophysicist, best known for his work in the field of structural biology. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1982 for his pioneering efforts in developing methods to determine the three-dimensional structures of biologically important molecules, particularly viruses and nucleic acids.

Bruce Alberts is an American biochemist known for his contributions to science education and research in the field of cell biology. He served as the editor-in-chief of the journal *Science* and has been involved in various significant scientific organizations. Alberts is particularly recognized for his work on the structure and function of proteins involved in DNA replication and cell division. In addition to his scientific research, he has been a prominent advocate for improving science education, both in the United States and internationally.

Gerald Edelman was an American biologist and neuroscientist who made significant contributions to the fields of immunology and neurobiology. He is best known for his work on the structure and function of antibodies, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1972, along with his colleague Rodney Porter. Edelman’s research particularly focused on the immune system and how antibodies are produced by B cells.

Henri Atlan is a French biologist, physician, and philosopher known for his work in the fields of biology, systems theory, and bioethics. Born on March 19, 1931, he has made significant contributions to the understanding of the complexity of living systems, particularly in regard to the relationship between biology and philosophy. Atlan is perhaps best known for his ideas concerning the organization of living systems and how they relate to theories of complexity and emergence.

Jared Diamond is an American scientist, author, and professor known for his interdisciplinary work in fields such as geography, biology, anthropology, and evolutionary theory. He is best known for several popular science books, including "Guns, Germs, and Steel," which explores the factors that have shaped human societies and civilizations. In this book, Diamond argues that geographical and environmental factors have played a critical role in determining the development of different societies, rather than inherent differences in intelligence or capability among people.

Martin Karplus is an American theoretical chemist who is known for his contributions to the field of chemistry, particularly in the development of methods for studying the dynamics of chemical reactions. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2013, along with Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel, for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems. Their work has significantly advanced the understanding of chemical processes by integrating classical and quantum mechanics, enabling scientists to predict molecular behavior and reactions more accurately.