Mathematics manuscripts refer to original written works that present mathematical ideas, theories, proofs, or research. These manuscripts can take various forms, including research papers, textbooks, theses, or articles meant for publication in academic journals. They may include detailed explanations, theorems, examples, and illustrations, designed to communicate mathematical concepts clearly. The term can also refer to historical mathematical documents, such as ancient texts that outline mathematical principles or methods from earlier civilizations.
The medieval Islamic world made significant contributions to various fields of mathematics, which were instrumental in preserving, expanding, and enhancing the knowledge inherited from ancient Greek, Indian, and Babylonian sources.
The "Book of Optics," also known as "Kitāb al-Manāzir" in Arabic, is a pivotal work in the history of optics and vision, authored by the renowned Arab scientist and philosopher Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the Latin tradition) in the 11th century. The work is considered one of the foundational texts in the field of optics and laid important groundwork for later developments in both physics and visual science.
The "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" refers to a significant philosophical and scientific work produced by a group known as the Brethren of Purity (Ikhwan al-Safa) in the 10th century in the Islamic world, particularly in the region that is modern-day Iraq. The Brethren of Purity were a secretive society of scholars and thinkers who aimed to promote knowledge and understanding across various fields, including philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, ethics, and theology.
The "Principles of Hindu Reckoning" refers to the traditional methods of timekeeping and calendrical calculation used in Hindu cultures. These principles are deeply rooted in ancient texts and astronomy, and they include the organization of days, months, and years based on both lunar and solar cycles. Some key aspects of Hindu reckoning include: 1. **Units of Time**: Hindu timekeeping is divided into several units: - **Kshana**: a moment.
The Albert Einstein Archives is a collection of documents and materials related to the life and work of the renowned physicist Albert Einstein. It is housed at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where Einstein served as a founding member and was deeply involved in its establishment. The archives include a wide range of Einstein's writings, such as personal letters, scientific papers, notebooks, and other documents. This extensive collection provides valuable insights into his scientific theories, personal life, and the historical context in which he lived and worked.
The Bakhshali Manuscript is an ancient mathematical text discovered in a village called Bakhshali in present-day Pakistan. It is considered one of the earliest known texts in the history of mathematics. The manuscript is believed to date back to between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE, although some studies have suggested it might be even older. The manuscript is written on birch bark and contains a collection of mathematical problems and solutions, primarily focused on arithmetic and algebra.
The Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll, also known as the "Golenishchev Papyrus," is an ancient Egyptian mathematical text that dates back to around 1300 BCE. It is one of the oldest known mathematical documents and is remarkable for providing insights into the mathematical practices of ancient Egyptians. The papyrus contains a variety of mathematical problems and their solutions, including arithmetic, geometry, and basic algebra.
"Haidao Suanjing" (海岛算经), typically translated as "The Island Calculation Manual" or "Mathematical Treatise on Islands," is a historical Chinese mathematical text. It is attributed to the mathematician Liu Hui during the third century and is part of the broader tradition of ancient Chinese mathematics. The text primarily deals with problems in geometry and is known for its use of practical problems, particularly in relation to surveying and land measurement.
Hauksbók, also known as Haukr's Book, is a 14th-century Icelandic manuscript important for its collection of Old Norse and medieval literature. It is named after Haukr Erlendsson, who was a priest and scholar, and is believed to have been responsible for compiling the manuscript. The content of Hauksbók includes a variety of texts, such as historical sagas, poetry, and law codes.
IM 67118 refers to a specific imprinted medication that is a generic form of Sildenafil Citrate. Sildenafil is primarily used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The "IM" prefix typically indicates the imprint on the pill, which helps to identify the drug, its dosage, and the manufacturer.
"Jigu Suanjing" (also known as "The Mathematical Classic of the Gourd") is a classical Chinese mathematical text attributed to the mathematician Liu Hui during the period of the Three Kingdoms (approximately 220-280 AD). The work is significant because it represents some of the earliest known instances of mathematical concepts and techniques in China. The text covers various topics in arithmetic, algebra, and geometry.
The Lahun Mathematical Papyri is a collection of ancient Egyptian mathematical texts dated to the Middle Kingdom period, specifically around 1820-1800 BCE. It was discovered in the early 20th century, specifically in the vicinity of the pyramid of Senwosret II at Lahun (modern-day El-Lahun) in Egypt. The papyri include a variety of mathematical problems and solutions, showcasing the mathematical knowledge and techniques of ancient Egyptian scribes.
The "Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections" (also known as the "Nine Sections Mathematics" or "Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art") is an ancient Chinese mathematical text that dates back to around the 1st century CE. It is part of the broader body of Chinese mathematics and is considered one of the foundational texts in the history of mathematics in China.
The "Mathematical Manuscripts of Karl Marx," also sometimes referred to as his "Mathematical Writings," are a collection of unpublished notes and writings by Karl Marx that focus on his attempts to incorporate mathematics into his economic theories. Although Marx is primarily known for his critiques of political economy and historical materialism, he also engaged with mathematical concepts as a way to analyze and articulate his economic ideas.
Plimpton 322 is an ancient Babylonian clay tablet that is believed to date back to around 1800 BC. It was discovered in the early 20th century and is currently housed in the Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Columbia University in New York City.
"Propositiones ad Acuendos Juvenes" is a work attributed to the Roman philosopher and rhetorician Quintilian, specifically meant to sharpen the intellects of young learners. The title can be translated to "Propositions for Sharpening Young Minds." The text consists of various rhetorical exercises, problems, and thought-provoking propositions that are designed to stimulate critical thinking and improve the oratorical skills of students.
The "Red auxiliary number" typically refers to a specific phone number used by auxiliary services in certain systems, such as emergency communication or military contexts. However, the term itself isn't widely recognized as a standard term in telecommunications or emergency services. Without more specific context, it's difficult to provide a precise definition.
The Rhind Mathematical Papyrus (RMP) is an ancient Egyptian document dating to around 1650 BCE, which serves as a critical source for understanding Egyptian mathematics. Among its various contents, it includes a table that is often referred to as the "2/n table." The 2/n table in the RMP is a list of fractions that represent the decomposition of the unit fraction \( \frac{2}{n} \) into sums of distinct unit fractions.
The Romaka Siddhanta, also known as the Romaka system, is an ancient astronomical theory that originated in India. It is primarily associated with the work of the Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata, who lived in the 5th century CE. The Romaka Siddhanta is one of the many systems described in ancient Indian astronomical texts and is considered a synthesis of Indian and Greek astronomical knowledge.
**Sunzi Suanjing**, also known as the **"Sun Tzu's Mathematical Classic"**, is an ancient Chinese mathematical text that dates back to the 3rd to 5th centuries AD. The work is attributed to the mathematician Sunzi (also known as Sun Zi), and it consists of a collection of problems and solutions, along with methods for solving them.
The Ten Computational Canons is a framework proposed by Milosavljevic and collaborators to capture key principles that inform the design and evaluation of computational systems. Though I can't access the latest details or developments beyond October 2023, traditionally, these canons emphasize aspects such as: 1. **Generality**: Solutions should be applicable across various problems and domains. 2. **Efficiency**: They should optimize resource use, including time and space complexity.
"The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" (Chinese: 九章算术, pinyin: Jiǔzhāng Suànshù) is a classic Chinese mathematical text composed during the Han dynasty, around the first century CE, though its origins may date back several centuries earlier. This work is considered one of the most significant texts in the history of mathematics in China and has had a lasting influence on the development of mathematics in East Asia.
"Xiahou Yang Suanjing" (often translated as "Xiahou Yang's Mathematical Compendium") is a historical Chinese mathematical text attributed to Xiahou Yang, a mathematician from the Eastern Han Dynasty. The work is notable for its contributions to mathematics, particularly in areas such as arithmetic and geometry.
YBC 7289 is an ancient Babylonian clay tablet that contains a cuneiform inscription, which is considered one of the earliest known examples of mathematical problem-solving. The tablet is dated to around 1800 BC and it is part of the collection of the Yale Babylonian Collection, housed at Yale University.
Zhang Qiujian Suanjing (张秋建算经) refers to a historical Chinese mathematical work, attributed to Zhang Qiujian, a mathematician from the Song Dynasty. The title can be translated to "Zhang Qiujian's Mathematical Treatise." The work encompasses various mathematical methods and principles, particularly focusing on arithmetic and geometry. It reflects the mathematical knowledge of the time and its applications.
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