An orthogonal matrix is a square matrix \( A \) whose rows and columns are orthogonal unit vectors. This means that: 1. The dot product of any two different rows (or columns) is zero, indicating that they are orthogonal (perpendicular). 2. The dot product of a row (or column) with itself is one, indicating that the vectors are normalized.

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Orthogonal matrix by Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-06
A real square matrix is orthogonal when , equivalently when its columns form an orthonormal basis.