Representations of the atmospheric boundary layer in global climate models

The representation of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) in global climate models (GCMs) is crucial for accurately simulating weather patterns and climate dynamics. The ABL is the lowest part of the atmosphere, typically extending from the Earth's surface up to about 1-2 kilometers in altitude, where the atmosphere is directly influenced by surface conditions such as land use, vegetation, topography, and surface energy and moisture fluxes.