Risk difference, also known as the absolute risk difference, is a measure used in epidemiology and clinical studies to quantify the difference in the risk of an event occurring between two groups. It is calculated by subtracting the risk (probability) of the event in one group from the risk in another group.
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The difference between two outcome probabilities over specified populations and follow-up periods. With intervention risk and comparison risk , a beneficial reduction in an adverse outcome has and absolute risk reduction . A causal interpretation requires a suitable design or identification assumptions; a simple difference between selected observational groups is not automatically a treatment effect.