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Robert Hofstadter investigated nuclear charge distributions through energetic electron scattering. His 1956 review compares electrons scattered from helium gas with predictions for point charges and several extended charge profiles. Beyond about , the elastic scattering was over a hundred times smaller than the point-charge prediction. The extracted nuclear charge form factor distinguishes candidate spatial profiles, connecting measured angular counts with a model of nuclear size and shape.[ref]
Electron Scattering and Nuclear Structure by Robert Hofstadter. pp. 237–238, Figs. 32–33, helium angular distribution and alternative charge-profile fits
A physicist.[ref]
https://physics.stanford.edu/people/robert-hofstadter. Independent professional profile
Portrait of Robert Hofstadter
. Nobel Foundation, 1961 Nobel portrait; individual photographer unspecified. Public domain in Sweden according to the Commons Swedish-photograph template. Source usage terms, via Wikimedia Commons. Source.