A semiconductor detector is a type of radiation detector that uses semiconductor materials to detect and measure ionizing radiation, such as alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays. These detectors operate based on the principle that when ionizing radiation interacts with the semiconductor material, it generates electron-hole pairs (electrons and the absence of electrons, which acts as positive charges).
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Ionizing radiation creates electron-hole pairs in a depleted semiconductor. An applied electric field collects their charge, allowing precise energy spectroscopy when charge loss and electronic noise are controlled.