X-ray emission spectroscopy is a technique used to analyze the elemental composition of materials by measuring the X-rays emitted from a sample when it is excited by a source of X-rays or other high-energy radiation. This method provides information about the types and quantities of elements present in the sample. ### Key Principles: 1. **Excitation**: When a sample is irradiated with high-energy photons (such as X-rays), inner-shell electrons may be ejected from atoms in the sample.
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X-ray emission spectroscopy studies the frequency spectrum of emitted X-rays. The spectral line positions identify electronic energy differences; their strengths also depend on excitation, photon absorption inside the sample, geometry and detector response. An X-ray tube may excite a sample with electrons, while X-ray fluorescence uses incident photons. The distinction matters when choosing what the experiment measures: identifying a chemical element from a line position is different from determining its abundance from a line strength.