Waste-form characterisation, process development and hot isostatic pressing; current status is not used as a 2021 historical claim.

An archival reproduction of the original Department of Energy handbook. Module NP-03, pp.24–27, explains moderation and temperature feedback. The repository is independently operated by Doxcelerate, rather than a current government web service.

Module HT-03 covers fluid mechanics, hydraulic losses and centrifugal pumps. Printed pp.51–53 explain the system characteristic curve and pump operating point. The date in the current hosting path does not change the handbook's original publication year.

The regulator's entries provide definitions for reactor and safety terminology.

Chemical Geology 291, 55–68. Primary natural-sample study and stopping/damage simulations; Table 5 compares alpha and recoil displacement yields. Open institutional copy: apo.ansto.gov.au/server/api/core/bitstreams/12f621b9-8bb2-4e4c-84a0-8dc31a548213/content

Journal of Nuclear Materials 306, 61–72. Simulation study using empirical potentials; a disordered cascade core and surrounding point defects are distinguished.

BNWL-SA-5333; CONF-750915-21. Primary comparison of alpha irradiation, self-damage and annealing; the alpha contribution is small relative to recoil damage but is not zero.

ORNL-1386, August 1952. Primary thermal-cycling investigation; the opening discussion describes dimensional instability, surface distortion and preferred orientation.

Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals 29, 970–976. The model and comparison with experimental specimens distinguish grain size, aspect ratio and dislocation density.

npj Materials Degradation 3, article 6, published 7 February 2019. Atomistic simulations examine restructuring and transport in hydrated gels; this is not a universal measured leach law.

npj Materials Degradation 4, article 41, published 11 December 2020. Solution and solid depth-profile measurements show that boron can be retained in alteration gels.

Historical background on the replacement of gaseous diffusion by gas centrifuges and diffusion-plant closures. The later webpage is not used to assign present-day plant counts to 2019.

A strategy beginning dismantling and decontamination soon after permanent shutdown, making early use of operating knowledge and enabling earlier site reuse.

A strategy maintaining a facility safely for a period before final dismantling. radioactive decay can reduce later dose, while surveillance, deterioration and knowledge retention remain obligations.

Encasement of radioactive structures in a long-lived material. Historical classifications included it as a third strategy; IAEA GSR Part 6 excludes it for planned permanent shutdown, allowing consideration only in exceptional circumstances.

Removal of materials or objects from further radiological regulatory control under specified criteria. Absence of an obvious radiation signal is not sufficient evidence of clearance.

The specified condition at completion of nuclear decommissioning, supported by final characterisation and records. It can permit unrestricted reuse or retain defined restrictions.

A localized electronic defect can capture a conduction electron and subsequently an electron hole, or the reverse sequence, returning to its original charge state. Energy is transferred to the lattice rather than an emitted photon. The two-step process can remove an electron-hole pair even when direct band-to-band photon emission is inefficient. Its rate depends on trap density, occupation and both capture rates; a single trapping event is not necessarily completed recombination.

Trap-assisted recombination through defect states that capture electrons and holes sequentially. It can occur in the bulk or near interfaces.

The atmospheric nitrogen oxide $\mathrm{NO}$. It consumes ozone when converted to nitrogen dioxide by $\mathrm{NO}+{\mathrm{O}}_3\to \mathrm{N}{\mathrm{O}}_2+{\mathrm{O}}_2$, but its oxidation by peroxy radicals instead enables net photochemical ozone production.