 First moment method

The first moment method uses the expected value of a count to control whether any counted occurrence exists. For a random variable $N$ taking nonnegative integer values, Markov's inequality givesConsequently, $\mathbb{E}N<1$ implies $\mathbb{P}(N=0)\ge 1-\mathbb{E}N>0$, proving that an outcome with no counted occurrence exists. For a sequence of such counts, $\mathbb{E}N\to 0$ shows that $N=0$ with probability tending to one. The first moment method uses information about the average count, while the complementary second moment method also uses its variance.