A heliocentric model places Earth and the other planets in orbits around the Sun. The apparent annual journey of the Sun through the celestial sphere then reflects Earth's own orbital motion. Apparent backward loops in a planet's path can arise from viewing its motion from another moving planet.
The geometric arrangement alone does not specify the shape or governing force of an orbit. Nicolaus Copernicus used combinations of circular motion; Johannes Kepler subsequently described elliptic orbits. Distinguishing a reference arrangement, a mathematical trajectory and a physical explanation prevents these separate achievements from being conflated.
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