A researcher who tested the relationship between literacy and phonological awareness. Comparisons of adults who had never learned to read with adults who acquired literacy later used tasks requiring the addition or deletion of speech sounds. The work asks whether conscious access to phonemes emerges automatically from speaking or is shaped by learning to read.[ref]
Does awareness of speech as a sequence of phones arise spontaneously? by José Morais and others. 1979, illiterate/adult-literate comparison, pp. 323–331
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