Marginal and pair probabilities in sampling without replacement

ID: marginal-and-pair-probabilities-in-sampling-without-replacement

Take a uniformly random permutation of distinguishable objects, of which are marked. Let mean that position is marked. Every object is equally likely at a specified position, so . For distinct positions , their ordered pair is uniform among distinct-object pairs, of which are marked pairs. This proves the second formula. For , the conditional probability is .
For the count of marked objects among the first positions, indicator random variables and linearity of expectation give . These draws are exchangeable but generally dependent; equal marginal probabilities do not imply independence.

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