Markéta Caravolas studied predictors of literacy development across alphabetic writing systems. A longitudinal comparison examined how phoneme awareness, letter knowledge and naming predicted later outcomes in several languages. Following development helps distinguish a concurrent association from prediction across time, while cross-language similarities need not imply identical difficulty of every orthography. [ref]
Common patterns of prediction of literacy development in different alphabetic orthographies by Markéta Caravolas and others. 2012, ten-month cross-language longitudinal comparison
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