Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-advanced-quantum-field-theory-for-particle-physics-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2021/1/v/solution

The scalar QED Ward identity equates the vertex renormalization and wave-function renormalization constants. Consequently, using part (iv),
The renormalization constants describe gauge-dependent fields and off shell vertices, so their dependence on is permitted. A physical scattering amplitude includes all Feynman diagrams, the counterterms, and the external-state factors from LSZ reduction. The Ward identities ensure that the dependence on cancels for physical external states. Infrared-sensitive probabilities also require the usual inclusive treatment of unobserved soft photons. Thus no dependence on is implied for consistently calculated physical observables.

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