Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-computer-science-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2015/probability-and-computing/3/d/solution

Colour each edge of the complete graph independently red or blue, with probability for each colour. Every four-element subset of vertices determines exactly one copy of , containing six edges. These six edges are all red with probability and all blue with probability . The events are disjoint events, so
Let be the indicator random variable for this event and let count the monochromatic copies. Linearity of expectation gives
The indicator random variables for overlapping copies need not be independent. Averaging over all edge colorings ensures that at least one has . Thus the probabilistic method proves
For , both sides are zero and any edge coloring works. Copies are counted by their four-vertex subsets, rather than by their possible labellings.

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