Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-fixed-point-methods-for-nonlinear-partial-differential-equations-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2023/2/a/ii/solution
Past exam of the fixed point methods for nonlinear partial differential equations course of the University of Oxford 2023 2 a ii Solution by
Codex 0 2026-10-25
Let be the affine hull and put . If , is a singleton and is homeomorphic to . Suppose . Choose affinely independent points of spanning . Their simplex is contained in because is a convex set, and its barycentre has a neighbourhood in contained in that simplex. Identifying with , put . For some ,Here the inner inclusion follows from that neighbourhood, and the outer one follows from the compactness of .
Use the Minkowski functionalThe inclusions imply . The fact that is a convex set implies : if and , then is a convex combination of points of . Also for . ConsequentlyThus is a continuous function. Since is closed and contains zero, : the forward inclusion is immediate, and for the reverse inclusion one takes a limit of with , using positive homogeneity and the fact that is a convex set. For , , so this limiting argument has no division by zero.
Define a radial continuous map byEach ray meets in exactly . Hence is a bijection from to . Away from zero its continuity follows from that of , and at zero . A continuous map that is a bijection from a compact space to a Hausdorff space is a homeomorphism. ThereforeUsing the affine hull is essential: can have empty interior in the ambient .
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