Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2001/iii/paper-67/1/i/solution

Use units , and let be the areal radial coordinate of the FRW metric, rather than the radial comoving distance when . On a constant-cosmic time slice the spatial metric tensor is
The determinant of the spatial metric tensor supplies the factor . Integrating over the solid angle gives . An incoming radial null geodesic obeys
Consequently the proper shell volume sampled by an emission-time interval of positive width is . Multiplying by the proper number density proves the source counts on an FLRW past light cone:
Here is evaluated on the observer's past light cone, not along a fixed source worldline. The curvature factor cancels between the spatial volume and the radial light speed; it has not been set to one.

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