Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2005/ii/paper-1/19g/i/solution

The character of a permutation representation at equals the number of points fixed by , because a permuted basis vector contributes one to the trace exactly when it is fixed. Thus the character inner product is
To identify the last average, count pairs with . Each orbit contributes , since its number of elements times their common stabilizer size is by the orbit-stabilizer theorem. Therefore
The conjugation in the usual character inner product has no effect here because the permutation characters are real-valued.

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