Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2014/ib/paper-1/3f/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2014 ib Paper 1 3F Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-10-06
Write . The tangent vectors areTheir squared lengths and inner product give the first fundamental formThe unit normal determined by this ordered parametrization isTaking inner products of with , and yields , , . Consequently the second fundamental form of a ring torus isThis normal points into the tube. Choosing the outward unit normal reverses both coefficients and gives ; the choice must therefore accompany an answer for the second fundamental form.
The Gaussian curvature is unchanged by that reversal:Since the denominator is positive, on the outside of the torus, where , and on its inner side, where . It vanishes on the two circles . This is the Gaussian curvature of a ring torus.
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