Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2016/iii/paper-103/3/iv/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2016 iii Paper 103 3 iv Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-06
We verify all three content vector of a standard Young tableau conditions using the spectral rules proved in part (i).
The first coordinate is zero by part (ii). For the neighbour condition, suppose some has neither nor among earlier coordinates. Try moving successively to the left. Each encountered difference is not ; if it is zero, we have an impossible adjacent equality, while otherwise the local spectral rule permits the swap. If , this procedure must encounter the original first coordinate and give that contradiction. If , it moves to the first position, contradicting . Therefore an earlier neighbour always exists. Starting from , this also proves inductively that every coordinate is an integer.
For the repeated-value condition, suppose it fails and choose a failing pair of equal coordinates with the shortest interval. There is no intervening , since a shorter pair would then also fail. There must be at least one intervening neighbour: otherwise the right-hand could be moved next to the left-hand by admissible swaps. Suppose, for example, that is missing. There cannot be two occurrences of in the interval: between them the required neighbour is missing, producing a shorter failing pair. Thus there is exactly one . All other intervening values differ from by more than , so the two copies of can be moved towards that unique neighbour until the forbidden consecutive pattern appears. Part (i) excludes it. The case in which is missing is identical, using . Both neighbours must therefore occur.
For completeness, these conditions really encode standard Young tableaux. If occurs for the th time, place the next label inThis is the next unfilled cell on diagonal of content . On the first occurrence of a positive diagonal, the earlier-neighbour condition forces its first left predecessor to exist: earlier diagonal values form an interval containing , so a first positive can only be reached through . The negative case uses the predecessor above. On later occurrences, the two neighbours appearing since the previous occurrence ensure that the new cell's left and upper predecessors have already been filled. For diagonal , the same two-neighbour condition supplies both predecessors after the first box. Thus each addition is an addable node of a Young diagram, and the labels form a standard Young tableau.
Conversely, a standard Young tableau starts at ; any later cell has a left or upper predecessor of neighbouring content. Two cells on one diagonal have the cells immediately to the right and below the earlier one between them in the tableau order, supplying both neighbours. Hence its content vector of a standard Young tableau satisfies precisely the stated conditions. The next position on a diagonal is unique, so this construction is a bijection between content vectors of standard Young tableaux and standard Young tableaux.
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