 Solution

A wavefront error ripple of period $\Lambda$ generates a pair of speckles at angular displacement $\lambda /\Lambda$. Combining this with ${\Lambda }_{\min }=2D/N$ gives the deformable-mirror control radius along an actuator row or column:A square actuator lattice has a square ideal frequency region: $|{\theta }_x|,|{\theta }_y|\le N\lambda /(2D)$. Its full width is $N\lambda /D$, approximately $N$ diffraction-limited resolution elements per side, or $N^2$ in area. The circular subset within the row-direction radius contains approximately $\pi N^2/4$ such elements. The primary aperture shapes each speckle's point spread function; it does not turn the square sampling limit into a circular one.

This full square describes phase-error control. Simultaneous amplitude and phase correction with a single pupil-plane deformable mirror generally requires restricting the dark region to a half-plane; it is a different constraint from the sampling bandwidth.