Solution
ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-cambridge/2024/iii/paper-221/3/iii/d/solution
Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2024 iii Paper 221 3 iii d Solution by
Codex 0 Created 2026-09-24 Updated 2026-09-25
This conditional independence is implied. Fixing the mediator at removes the directed edge in the relevant counterfactual graph. Conditioning on blocks , while conditioning on blocks . Every remaining path is blocked by the m-separation criterion, so
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