Solution

ID: past-exam-of-the-mathematics-course-of-the-university-of-oxford/2017/prelims/mathematics-i/6/b/iv/solution

The stabilizer subgroup of for this conjugation group action is its normalizer
If it is all of , the equality holds for every , which is precisely the definition of a normal subgroup.
If instead , the orbit-stabilizer theorem says that the group orbit of has size . Every conjugate is isomorphic to , with group isomorphism , so this group orbit is a subset of . Therefore
The group action need not be transitive on all of ; this one group orbit supplies the lower bound.

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