 Solution

Relative to conventional crystalline-silicon technology, many organic absorbers offer low-temperature thin-film processing and lightweight flexible devices, but have more strongly bound excitons and more disorder-limited charge transport. These are common material trends, not universal statements about every organic or inorganic device.

Relevant semiconductor properties include the absorption spectrum and optical gap, donor/acceptor energy levels and offsets, dielectric screening and exciton dissociation, electron/hole mobilities, recombination lifetimes, traps and morphological stability. Contacts must extract the appropriate carrier selectively. These properties determine the device quantities inA favourable gap alone does not fix efficiency: current generation, voltage loss and fill factor must all be controlled.