 Solution

An upward drag force $F_D\ge 0$ changes the variable-mass system equation toFor an ordinary drag force increasing with positive speed, the new curve lies below the no-drag curve. It still starts with slope $g$ if $F_D=0$ at rest. The dashed curve illustrates quadratic drag on a sphere with constant radial growth, using $F_D=\frac{1}{2}{C}_D{\rho }_{\mathrm{air}}\pi r^2{v}^2$ with constant drag coefficient $C_D$ and air mass density ${\rho }_{\mathrm{air}}$. The equation for these dimensionless quantities isThe figure uses $\eta =2$ solely to show the shape; it is not an additional datum of the paper.

There is a limitation to the usual terminal velocity sketch here. The examiner's commentary describes a curve approaching terminal velocity, but the paper maintains unbounded radius growth and specifies no drag law. A horizontal limit is justified if one additionally treats the radius as approximately fixed, or otherwise assumes a drag-to-mass ratio with a fixed limiting balance. With the growing radius and constant-$C_D$ quadratic drag just written, the late balance instead givesThis curve flattens in the sense that its slope tends to zero, but its speed remains unbounded. Thus a lower, more strongly flattening curve is warranted; a finite terminal speed requires an additional assumption. The no-growth approximation gives the familiar finite value $v_T=\sqrt{8\rho gr/(3C_D{\rho }_{\mathrm{air}})}$ for a specified fixed radius.^[ref]