 Solution

For a reversible adiabatic process of an ideal gas, $\delta Q=0$ and $dU=-pdV$. At fixed composition and constant sample heat capacity at constant volume $C_V$,Mayer's relation gives $n_{\mathrm{mol}}R=C_p-C_V$, so $T{V}^{\gamma -1}$ is constant andThe finite-path power law requires approximately constant heat capacities as well as reversibility. When rotational or vibrational populations change appreciably, use $\int C_V(T)dT/T+n_{\mathrm{mol}}R\ln V=\mathrm{constant}$ instead; the local isentropic pressure exponent remains $\gamma (T)$.

For an intact heteronuclear diatomic gas, quantum excitation progressively activates molecular motion. With rotational and vibrational modes frozen, the three translational degrees of freedom give $C_{V,\mathrm{m}}=3R/2$ and $\gamma =5/3$. Two active rotations add $R$, giving $C_{V,\mathrm{m}}=5R/2$ and $\gamma =7/5$. One active harmonic vibration contributes a further $R$, through kinetic and potential terms, giving $C_{V,\mathrm{m}}=7R/2$ and $\gamma =9/7$.

For molecular moment of inertia $I={\mu }_{\mathrm{red}}{r}_e^2$, the rigid rotor levels are $E_J={\hslash }^{2}J(J+1)/(2I)$, so the rotational excitation scale isThe first gap corresponds to $2{\Theta }_{\mathrm{rot}}$, so the crossover occurs at temperatures of that order. For bond force constant $k_s$ and reduced molecular mass ${\mu }_{\mathrm{red}}$, the vibrational scale isTypically ${\Theta }_{\mathrm{vib}}\gg {\Theta }_{\mathrm{rot}}$. Real gases may condense at the low-temperature end or dissociate and excite electronic states at the high-temperature end; the three plateau values describe the ideal intact-molecule model.

For the piston apparatus, mechanical equilibrium requires $p_{0}A=p_{\mathrm{air}}A+mg$, hence $p_0=p_{\mathrm{air}}+mg/A$. Let $x$ be a small upward displacement, so $V=V_0+Ax$. The local isentropic compressibility givesConsequently the adiabatic gas-spring piston period isThis neglects friction, gas inertia, leakage and dissipation, with internal equilibration much faster than the oscillation and external thermal equilibration much slower. The small oscillation probes $\gamma$ locally; it need not keep $\gamma$ constant over a large temperature interval.

With $p_{\mathrm{air}}=101325\mathrm{Pa}$, the supplied dimensions give $p_0=101351.4\mathrm{Pa}$ and $B=2.20566\times 10^{-5}{\mathrm{s}}^2$. ThusHelium is close to the monatomic ideal gas value $5/3$; NO is close to the diatomic gas value $7/5$, with rotations active and vibration largely frozen. The numbers are approximate experimental inferences, rather than exact rational values.