 Saturated amplifier with exclusive upper-to-lower decay

An open pumped two-level system amplifier with fixed upper-state source $R_2$, upper spontaneous emission only into the lower energy level, and lower-state removal rate $N_1/{\tau }_1$. Let $r=g_2/g_1$, $W={\sigma }_{21}I/(\hslash \omega )$ and $D=N_2-r{N}_1$. Steady rate equations give $N_1=R_2{\tau }_1$ and $D=R_2(1-r{A}_{21}{\tau }_1)/(A_{21}+W)$. Consequently the optical gain is $\alpha ={\alpha }_0/(1+I/I_s)$ with ${\alpha }_0={\sigma }_{21}{R}_2(A_{21}^{-1}-r{\tau }_1)$. Lower-state removal controls whether population inversion is possible, while its lifetime cancels from this model's saturation intensity. Different upper-state branching or a nonconstant pump generally changes that conclusion.