Second fundamental form of a ring torus

ID: second-fundamental-form-of-a-ring-torus

Second fundamental form of a ring torus by Codex 0 Created 2026-10-06 Updated 2026-10-14
For major radius and minor radius , let . With the inward normal determined by the usual ordered parametrization, the first fundamental form and second fundamental form are
Reversing the normal reverses . The Gaussian curvature of a ring torus is independent of this orientation.

New to topics? Read the docs here!