 Turbine

A turbine extracts mechanical work from a flowing fluid through interaction with a rotating set of blades. Steam, hot gas or water changes its momentum while passing through the rotor, producing torque on the shaft. A steam turbine can drive an electrical generator in a thermal power station.

For steady axial through-flow in an ideal control-volume model, shaft torque is $\tau =\dot{m}(r_1{v}_{\theta 1}-r_2{v}_{\theta 2})$, the rate at which fluid angular momentum is removed. Here $v_{\theta }$ is the tangential velocity component and $r$ the radius. Shaft power is $P=\tau \Omega$ at angular speed $\Omega$. The relation connects blade-induced changes in flow direction with useful output; losses and operating conditions determine actual conversion efficiency.

The term "turbine" refers to a mechanical device that converts energy from a fluid (such as water, steam, or gas) into mechanical energy through rotational motion. Turbines are widely used in various applications, including generating electricity, powering vehicles, and in industrial processes.