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Climate change is a persistent alteration of the statistics of a planet's climate. External radiative forcing, internal variability and climate feedbacks all matter, and the timescale must be specified. A climate model connects mechanisms to observable changes; the radiative-convective climate column separates vertical heat transfer from whole-planet conservation of energy, while the Hasselmann stochastic climate model explains how fast weather can drive slow thermal variability.
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the Earth's climate, particularly those related to increases in global temperatures and shifts in weather patterns attributed primarily to human activities. While the Earth's climate has naturally fluctuated over geological time scales, the term "climate change" commonly focuses on the rapid changes observed since the late 19th century, largely due to the increase in greenhouse gas emissions from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, industrial processes, and various agricultural practices.