For on a five-dimensional oriented spacetime, the action has bulk variation . Two integrations by parts make the three variations of the Chern-Simons 5-form contribute equally. Under , the extra action is , a boundary term by the Generalized Stokes theorem. Its bulk field equation is gauge invariant. The Chern-Simons term is metric-independent and has no bulk contribution to the stress-energy tensor when the differential-form field is held fixed in metric variation.
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