Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2012 iii Paper 16 1 1 2 Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-07
Use generators for the three one-handles in the generalized Heegaard diagram. Read a downward crossing of the cut from a left-hand hole to its right-hand partner as the corresponding generator. Traverse the attaching curve around the left-hand hole, starting at its outgoing downward strand, and then traverse the attaching curve around the left-hand hole in the same way. Their cut-crossing words areThese are the two relators imposed by the two handle attachments. The remaining boundary is a torus; no third relator should be added. The fundamental group presentation is thereforeThe exponent-sum vectors are and . Thus the abelianization is , with all mapping to its positive generator .
Apply the Fox derivatives and then this abelianization. The resulting Alexander matrix isFor example, the three occurrences of in contribute to the first entry. Every row sums to zero, as the Fox calculus identity predicts.
The cellular boundary in degree one for the infinite cyclic cover is . Its kernel is freely generated by . Expressing the two relation boundaries in this basis gives the two-by-two matrix obtained by deleting column of . Its determinant is the order of the Alexander module of a space. Equivalently, all three maximal matrix minors of agree up to sign. The Alexander polynomial iswhere allows multiplication by a unit in the Laurent polynomial ring. Its value at is .