Study of genetic and environmental contributions to variation in behavior and related traits. Family designs and measured-genotype designs provide complementary evidence with different assumptions and sources of bias.
Covariation between inherited characteristics and environments encountered or elicited. It differs from genotype-environment interaction, in which the effect of inherited variation depends on the environment.
A design comparing biological and adoptive relationships to help distinguish inherited resemblance from aspects of the rearing environment. Selective placement, prenatal exposure and continued contact can complicate the separation.
Study of inherited variation relevant to psychiatric outcomes. Liability, developmental timing, symptoms and response to treatment are distinct phenotypes that can have partly different genetic influences.
A research consortium conducting large collaborative studies of psychiatric genetic variation. Formal subgroup authorship is retained in the relevant bibliography record.
A model in which a binary diagnostic outcome occurs when an underlying continuous liability exceeds a threshold. Genetic and environmental components can influence liability. Estimating liability-scale heritability requires assumptions about prevalence, ascertainment and the liability distribution; crude diagnostic concordance is not a continuous-trait correlation.
The inherited component of vulnerability to an outcome under a specified model and environment. Liability is probabilistic; genetic association does not imply inevitable disease or identify an individual's exact onset time.
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