Forthe equilibrium branches are , , and wherever the square roots are real. If , pitchforks occur at and , and the two nonzero branch pairs meet in two transcritical bifurcations at . If , all five branches meet in one degenerate fifth-order bifurcation. If , separate pitchforks occur at and . A constant perturbation produces imperfect pitchforks and saddle nodes, so none of these unperturbed bifurcations is structurally stable without the reflection symmetry.
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