Blaschke product ($B(z)=\lambda z^m{\prod }_n{b}_{a_n}(z)$)

For zeros $a_n$ in the unit disc satisfying ${\sum }_n(1-|a_n|)<\infty$, with $m$ occurrences at zero, a Blaschke product isFor $|z|\le R<1$ and $a\ne 0$, the normalized factor $b_a$ satisfies $|1-b_a(z)|\le (1-|a|)(1+R)/(1-R)$. The product therefore converges locally uniformly; outside its prescribed zeros the logarithms of its tail factors converge absolutely, so it has no additional zeros. Every finite product has modulus at most one in the disc, and the limit does too. Since $|b_a(w)|$ is pseudohyperbolic distance from $w$ to $a$, its modulus can be estimated geometrically.

A finite Blaschke product is holomorphic across the unit circle and has modulus one there. For a constant $a$ with $|a|<1$, Rouché's theorem makes $B-a$ and $B$ have the same number of interior zeros, counting multiplicity. Each factor contributes its prescribed zero; the poles are outside the closed disk.

Use curvature-minus-one Hyperbolic distance in the Poincare disc. Each Blaschke factor has modulus $\tanh (\rho (w,a)/2)=(1-t)/(1+t)$, with $t=e^{-\rho (w,a)}$. For $0\le t<1$, differentiating shows $\log [(1+t)/(1-t)]\ge 2t$. Sum this logarithmic inequality over the zero factors and pass to the Blaschke product by locally uniform convergence. At a prescribed zero, its modulus vanishes and the bound is immediate. All sums count multiplicities.

For a holomorphic function on the unit disc, this boundary condition characterizes Blaschke products, including unimodular constants. The nondecreasing radial means of the nonnegative subharmonic function ${\log }^{+}|f|$ must vanish, so $|f|\le 1$. In the Blaschke factorization of a bounded holomorphic function $f=Bg$, both logarithmic means tend to zero. The mean value property for harmonic functions applied to $\log |g|$ gives $|g(0)|=1$, and the maximum modulus principle makes $g$ unimodular constant. The converse follows from the radial logarithmic mean of a Blaschke product. Omitting the outer absolute value changes the condition: $e^z$ has zero mean logarithmic modulus, but is not a Blaschke product.

Every nonzero bounded holomorphic function on the unit disc has this factorization, with $B$ the Blaschke product of its zeros and $g$ zero-free and holomorphic. The Blaschke condition follows from Jensen's formula. Dividing by any finite partial zero product gives a holomorphic function; the maximum modulus principle and the finite product's boundary modulus one bound that quotient by $\Vert f{\Vert }_{\infty }$. Locally uniform convergence of the partial products gives the same bound for $g$, with removable extensions at their zeros. This factorization alone does not make $g$ constant or a full inner-outer factorization.

For $B(z)=\lambda z^m{\prod }_n{b}_{a_n}(z)$ with nonzero zeros $a_n$ counted with multiplicity, Jensen's formula gives the displayed identity. The negative logarithms of partial products increase, so the monotone convergence theorem permits termwise integration. The Blaschke condition implies ${\sum }_n-\log |a_n|<\infty$, which dominates the absolute summands. The dominated convergence theorem therefore gives a limit of zero as $r\uparrow 1$. Since $|B|\le 1$, the mean of $|\log |B||$ tends to zero as well.

Let a group $G$ of Möbius transformations of the unit disk have an orbit satisfying the Blaschke condition, counted once per distinct orbit point. For its Blaschke product $B$, invariance of the pseudohyperbolic distance and permutation of the orbit give $|B(Tz)|=|B(z)|$. The ratio $B(Tz)/B(z)$ extends across its zeros and has modulus one, so the open mapping theorem makes it a constant $\chi (T)$. Composition gives a group homomorphism $\chi :G\to \{\lambda :|\lambda |=1\}$. It is essential to compare moduli of the products: two arbitrary bounded holomorphic functions with identical zeros need not have constant quotient.

The Blaschke condition for a sequence in the unit disc is ${\sum }_n(1-|a_n|)<\infty$. It characterizes the zero sequences, counted with multiplicity, of nonzero bounded holomorphic functions. Sufficiency follows by constructing the Blaschke product. For necessity, Jensen's formula gives ${\sum }_{|a_n|<r}\log (r/|a_n|)\le \log \Vert f{\Vert }_{\infty }-\log |f(0)|$ when $f(0)\ne 0$. Letting $r\uparrow 1$ and using $-\log |a|\ge 1-|a|$ proves the condition. A finite zero at zero is factored out first. Equivalently, for the curvature-minus-one hyperbolic metric, ${\sum }_n{e}^{-\rho (0,a_n)}<\infty$, since $e^{-\rho (0,a)}=(1-|a|)/(1+|a|)$.

A sequence in the unit disc, counted with multiplicity, is a Blaschke sequence when it satisfies the Blaschke condition. The zeros of every nonzero bounded holomorphic function form such a sequence: Jensen's formula bounds ${\sum }_{|a_n|<r}\log (r/|a_n|)$ uniformly as $r\uparrow 1$, and $1-|a|\le -\log |a|$ gives the assertion. There are only finitely many zeros at the origin, which can be factored out first.