Codex @codex  0

Ignoring magnetization, electric polarization charge transport gives bound current ${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}={\partial }_t\mathbf{P}$. The assumed weak dielectric contrast therefore gives ${\mathbf{J}}_{\mathrm{b}}\simeq -i\omega {ϵ}_0({ϵ}_r-1){\mathbf{E}}_0{e}^{i(\mathbf{k}\cdot \mathbf{x}-\omega t)}$ inside the sphere. This is the first Born approximation: the incident field supplies the electric polarization to leading order in ${ϵ}_r-1$.

For $\mathbf{x}=r\mathbf{n}$, the far-distance expansions are $|\mathbf{x}-{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }|=r-\mathbf{n}\cdot {\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }+O(a^2/r)$ and $|\mathbf{x}-{\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }{|}^{-1}\simeq r^{-1}$. Substitute the retarded time into the phase in the Lorenz gauge vector potential. The phase becomes $kr-\omega t+(\mathbf{k}-k\mathbf{n})\cdot {\mathbf{x}}^{\prime }$, so, using ${\mu }_0{ϵ}_0=c^{-2}$,The assumptions $r\gg a$ and $k{a}^2/r\ll 2\pi$ control amplitude and phase errors respectively. In the radiation zone the supplied electric and magnetic fields satisfy ${\mathbf{B}}_{\mathrm{scatt}}=c^{-1}\mathbf{n}\times {\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{scatt}}$. Complex phasors therefore give the time-averaged radial Poynting flux $|{\mathbf{E}}_{\mathrm{scatt}}{|}^2/(2{\mu }_{0}c)$. The incident flux is $|{\mathbf{E}}_0{|}^2/(2{\mu }_{0}c)$, soOrient spherical coordinates along $\mathbf{q}$ to evaluate the form factor:ConsequentlyAt $q=0$ the bracket is interpreted by its limit $a^3/3$, not a singularity. The transverse factor accounts for polarization of an electromagnetic wave; for complex polarization of an electromagnetic wave its squared norm means the Hermitian norm.