Suppose a nonempty compact -manifold with a volume form has pointwise independent volume-preserving vector fields that commute and are tangent to its boundary. If restriction is injective, the boundary must have at least two connected components.
Indeed is nowhere zero. Cartan's magic formula and commutation show , while boundary tangency gives . Injectivity in de Rham cohomology makes . On a connected boundary is constant; a maximum or minimum differing from that boundary value would be an interior critical point, contradicting . Empty boundary is also impossible.
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