Past exam of the mathematics course of the University of Cambridge 2006 iii Paper 78 1 a Solution Created 2026-10-03 Updated 2026-10-14
Let point out of the drop, and use for the interior and for the exterior. The interfacial velocity is continuous. Define ; for a sphere of radius it is . With constant surface tension, the interfacial stress balance with variable surface tension reduces toUse the exterior-viscosity kernels to define and . The interior viscosity is , so its velocity kernel is , while its stress kernel is unchanged. The interior boundary equation isFor the decaying exterior flow, the inner boundary's fluid-domain normal is , soAdd these equations and use the traction jump. The required capillary boundary integral equation for a viscous drop isThe formula uses the drop-outward normal consistently in both integrals. If , the double-layer term cancels. A spherical drop of constant curvature has zero velocity: a constant Laplace-pressure jump is balanced without motion. A prescribed ambient flow would add its known far-boundary contribution; none is present for the surface-tension-driven flow here.