An electrostatic energy analyser using trajectories between two concentric hemispheres. electrons near a selected pass energy reach the exit aperture; entrance optics can retard faster electrons before analysis.
The ratio of electron kinetic energy before retardation to hemispherical pass energy. This definition should be stated because a voltage-to-pass-energy ratio differs by one.
The kinetic energy selected in the hemispherical analysing field, distinguished from the kinetic energy before retarding entrance optics. At fixed geometry the absolute instrumental energy width is approximately proportional to pass energy.
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