Dark stools: oral iron and differential interpretation.
Report of Clinical Cases in the Surgical Wards of the Royal Infirmary, July 1863 to October 1864. The report was printed after the examination; p. 111 describes practice during the period, including wound care and the use of quinine and stimulants in pyaemia.
Practice of Medicine, pp. 179–183: contemporary reports of alkaline treatment and discussion of the limitations of comparisons between cases.
American Family Physician 102 (2020), pp. 487–492; Table 2 and clinical differential of groin masses.
Acta Biomedica 90, supplement 5 (2019), pp. 20–37. Anatomical classification by internal aperture and compartment.
Classification and diagnosis: external varieties and groin-mass differential.
Types of hernias and anatomy. The page is used for anatomical classification only; mesh treatment is outside the answer.
Pathophysiology, mechanisms, diagnostic interpretation and relation of outcome to cause.
Interpretation of a white-cell count and its limitations; further differential, film and marrow testing.
Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health. Cited sections: Introduction, Vitamin C Deficiency and Food Sources. Used for the present-day explanation of dietary requirement, collagen synthesis and scurvy.
AHA scientific statement, 2021. The Free Wall Rupture section supports the present-day comparison: friable infarct tissue, collapse, haemopericardium, tamponade and echocardiographic diagnosis. It is not used as evidence of technology available in 1864.
An 1852 reproduction of the 1850 Medico-Chirurgical Transactions account. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 77(190), pp. 120–152. Pages 120–126 distinguish external fatty growth from degeneration within muscular fibres and discuss microscopic appearances and specimen selection. Historical theories about transformation into fat are not adopted as present-day explanations.
Original article titled Notes of a Case of Ileus, Caused by a Large Gall-Stone Impacted in the Ileum; Death from Rupture of the Heart. Edinburgh Medical Journal 3(11), May 1858, pp. 1004–1005. The report describes blood in the pericardium and an extremely friable, fatty right ventricular wall.
Bibliographic verification: pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29646367/
Primary account, 1753, pp. 191–196: the 1747 shipboard comparison, common diet, paired treatments and reported outcomes. The linked institutional record reproduces those original pages and verifies the author and edition. The historical observation is distinct from the later vitamin C explanation.
Institutional molecular biology education resource; blood tests and glucose-oxidase assay principle. No historical urine-test result is treated as a diagnosis.
British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 32(63), July 1863, pp. 65–80. Page 78, entry XXI, discusses cancer statistics and incomplete observation after operation.
BTS clinical statement, Thorax 78, supplement 3, s43–s68: pleural aspiration, imaging, apparatus, drainage and complications. Society statement page.
Transactions published in the Buffalo Medical and Surgical Journal 4(4), November 1864, pp. 121–132. Opening report of the June 1862 meeting concerns hydrothorax, tapping and subsequent anatomical examination.
Initial diagnosis and alternative causes of ascites; imaging and diagnostic paracentesis.
Gut 70 (2021), pp. 9–29. Recommendations 1–2 and 5–6 concern diagnostic sampling, therapeutic drainage and albumin. Society guideline catalogue.
Contemporary review, August 1849; pp. 996–997 discuss muguet, microscopic growths and competing explanations. Its grouping of oral diseases and decomposition theory are historical views, not current conclusions.
Clinical practice guideline: clinical diagnosis, assessment and management.
Clinical practice guideline: differential diagnoses, distinguishing features and management of airway compromise.
NHS and British Burn Association warning, 18 November 2025. Scald injuries and lack of strong evidence for steam inhalation as a cold remedy.
First aid for thermal burns: cool running water for 20 minutes and appropriate assessment. Cooling the injury does not mean chilling the whole person.
NG143, recommendations 1.6.2–1.6.6. Routine tepid sponging is not recommended; comfort and underlying illness matter.
1865 contemporary book-review passage describing wet-sheet packing and wet compresses. Its stimulating and sedative claims are identified as period therapeutic claims.
Contemporary review, pp. 310–319 and following discussion of strong local silver-nitrate solutions. Describes inspection and delivery instruments and disagreement over aggressive local treatment.
Modern institutional account: oxygen supply relative to demand, coronary obstruction, microvascular disease and spasm.
Cholelithiasis, Pathophysiology: cholesterol stones and black and brown pigment stones.
Contemporary discussion, especially pp. 208–209 and 218–219, of versicolor, nigra and disputes about cutaneous fungi. Several historical causal claims are obsolete.
Definition and scalp dandruff; relation to Malassezia and clinical morphology.
Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperosmolar states; metabolic roles of insulin and glucose-induced osmotic diuresis.
Primary society guideline. §3.1 defines syncope through transient loss of consciousness from cerebral perfusion failure, with rapid onset, brief duration and spontaneous recovery. Cited for the distinction from the cardiac affections of Aretaeus.
Complications of long-term constipation: faecal impaction and possible treatments, including a mini enema.
§§1.6.3 and 1.6.6: alertness, swallowing safety, and indications for oral nutritional support. Used to qualify unconditional immediate feeding in the ancient text.
§§1.3.3–1.3.5: intravenous diuretic therapy and monitoring. The published recommendations, not a consultation draft, were used.
§§1.2.1–1.2.3, 1.3 and 1.5: assessment, resuscitation, deficit versus excess and reassessment. Used for the modern contrast with therapeutic bloodletting, without assigning a universal volume to the ancient passage.
Report of Clinical Cases Treated in the Surgical Wards of the Royal Infirmary, from October 1864 to October 1865. Page 329 describes the period sequence of taxis and operation; it must not delay treatment of suspected modern strangulation.
Chapter 23 of the gastrointestinal surgical-emergencies manual; diagnostic variants including Richter hernia.
Acute groin hernia chapter: irreducibility, strangulation, reduction, observation and emergency surgery.
Timing of surgery, suspected strangulation and laboratory/imaging predictors.
Treating convulsive status epilepticus in children: airway, circulation, glucose, reversible causes and escalation.
Modern gout: attacks of pain, urate crystals, sex and menopause as risk factors, and diagnostic sampling of synovial fluid. This modern information qualifies the ancient text rather than diagnosing an unseen ancient specimen.
Biliary drainage modality, timing and initial decompression versus duct clearance. DOI: doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2020.12.032
CG188; list of recommendations, investigations, gallbladder stones and common bile duct stones.
James Startin, British Medical Journal, 10 November 1866, pp. 534–535. Catalogue and scan record: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2310363/ . Period claims require historical qualification; “parasiticide” is not a current diagnosis or recommendation.
Diagnostic assessment; section 6.2.2 on pericarditis treatment; pericardial effusion and tamponade pathways. Official slide set: www.escardio.org/static-file/Escardio/Guidelines/Products/Slide%20sets/2025/2025%20official%20slides_MyoPeri.pdf
Definition and typical symmetrical extensor distribution. Review July 2023.
NG219, recommendations 1.1.3–1.1.9: differential diagnosis, serum urate, repeat measurement and aspiration.
Pathophysiology, cartilage loss, subchondral changes and osteophytes. Review May 2026.
Diagnostic gallery: crystal morphology, optical behaviour, tissue reaction and preservation.
Definition; Pathophysiology; Diagnosis, including synovial-fluid analysis and serum urate. Updated April 2026.
Diagnostics and epidemiology, histopathological diagnostics: peribulbar/intrabulbar inflammation in active disease, chronic-stage variation and hair-cycle change.
Table 1, indications and management pathways. This is a professional standards document, not a systematic clinical guideline.
Initial management of life-threatening hemoptysis, airway protection and haemodynamic stabilization.
Summary of clinical practice points and Pleural aspiration. A 2026 correction concerns the non-inferiority wording for drain sizes in pleurodesis; it does not change the aspiration recommendations cited here. Correction: doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2022-219371corr1
Phlebotomy and laboratory monitoring.
British Medical Journal, 27 April, Case II in the clinical reports, pp. 479–481. Period account of persistent fluid, cardiac displacement and trocar-and-cannula evacuation.
Book Reviews, including the review at p. 369 of the 1865 book. The description of its third lecture confirms the contemporary clamp-and-cautery approach. Later editions bearing “lectures ... 1865” in the title must not be mistaken for the 1865 edition.
Clinical Practice Update published 29 April 2026. Table 1 classifies prolapse; the examination discussion addresses anoscopy and rectal bleeding. Society overview: gastro.org/clinical-guidance/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-hemorrhoids/ .
Diseases of the Colon and Rectum 67 (2024), pp. 614–623. Recommendations on dietary measures, office interventions, acute thrombosis and excisional surgery.
Clinical guideline, section on haemorrhoids: definitions, anal cushions and relation to the dentate line.
Public clinical information on diagnosis, reduction, immobilisation and recovery.
www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/fractures/Shoulder_Dislocations_-_Emergency_Department/
Clinical practice guideline. Its scope is children and adolescents.
Primary autopsy study of 286 livers. The abstract describes sinusoidal and portal deposits, sago-pattern spleens and the limits of classifying amyloid by anatomical distribution alone.
Contemporary review of Charles West's third edition (1854), published January 1855. Locators: pp. 109–112, primary atelectasis, secondary collapse, inflation and the historical misidentification of lobular pneumonia.
Etiology; Differential Diagnosis: obstructive and nonobstructive collapse, surfactant impairment and clinical alternatives.
Definition; factors maintaining alveolar expansion; Etiology. Page displays April 2025 review and update.
Dangerous heart rhythms, cardiac scarring, cardiomyopathy and inherited electrical abnormalities.
Definition and Etiology; table Some Causes of Nausea and Vomiting. Page displays review April 2026 and update June 2026.
The EBMT Handbook (2024), Chapter 82, §82.2 Diagnosis: Congo red, polarized light and amyloid typing.
1856 English abstract, pp. 380–383, of an earlier communication by Rudolf Virchow. Historical terminology and visceral distribution.
Treatment, Venesection: use in polycythaemia vera and selected other circumstances.
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