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Contemporary anonymous review in The British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, volume 21, pp. 285–297, of the 1857 work by Marshall Hall. The review documents historical terminology and experimental concerns; its postural method is not current resuscitation guidance.
Chemical regulation of ventilation, including the combined stimulus of hypoxia, hypercapnia and acidity.
Structure and Function; Blood Supply and Lymphatics: perineal membrane, deep structures and male bulbourethral glands.
Structure and Function; Blood Supply and Lymphatics; Muscles: superficial pouch and its contents.
Structure and Course: origin at the cisterna chyli, thoracic relations and venous termination.
Primary paired study of 20 healthy volunteers after a standardized meal; abstract reports a nonsignificant 1.5% liver-volume reduction.
Primary large-sample organ-mass study. Results and Conclusions discuss associations with body size, age and sex.
Primary autopsy study; organ mass data must be distinguished from universal physiological limits. Table reproduced by Duke Pathology: pathology.oit.duke.edu/siteParts/Typical%20Organ%20Weights.pdf
Contemporary review of the 1866 book, pp. 431–440; the tumour discussion is at pp. 438–440. The year in this header identifies the reviewed book, not a verified date of the review. Historical disagreement is evidence about terminology, not current clinical authority.
Digestive tract correlates; neurophysiology of relaxation, retrograde contraction, retching and expulsion.
Current reference entry: Introduction, Mechanism and Related Testing; metabolic, synthetic and clearance functions of the liver.
Contemporary chronicle, British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review, 43(85), pp. 237–247. Part I, item 1 reports a marrow finding published in 1868, after the 1867 exam.
Contemporary monograph by William Baly and William Senhouse Kirkes. See p. 132, Development of the Blood, for competing post-embryonic corpuscle-formation theories.
Contemporary handbook by William Senhouse Kirkes; p. 69 describes two generations of red corpuscles.

How the Lungs Work: What Breathing Does for the Body by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2025-06-27)

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www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/lungs/breathing-benefits
Publisher: OpenStax.

24.5 Metabolic States of the Body

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Cited passages: Anatomy and Physiology 2e, §12.2, Parts of a Neuron: nucleus, organelles, processes, branching axon, initial segment and terminals; Anatomy and Physiology 2e, §12.2, Types of Neurons and Figure 12.9: multipolar, bipolar and human pseudo-unipolar cells; sensory projection past the cell body.
Cited passages: 17.9, delta cells and somatostatin; 17.9, glucagon signaling through cAMP and glycogen breakdown; 17.9, pancreatic islet cell types and regulation of blood glucose.
Cited passages: §1.5, Figure 1.10 and thermoregulatory examples following it; §1.5, Negative Feedback, Figure 1.10: sensor, control center and effector; §1.5, opening paragraphs and Negative Feedback: normal ranges and compensatory responses.
Reference work. Individual chapter authors and update dates are recorded below.
Publisher: MDText.com, Inc..
Cited passages: Glucagon Physiology, Glucagon Receptor Signalling and Glucagon Stimulates Lipolysis and Ketogenesis: controversy over direct human adipose effects; Glucagon Physiology, Glucagon Receptor Signalling; Glucagon Increases Hepatic Glucose Production; Glucagon Physiology, Structure and Synthesis of Glucagon; Regulation of Glucagon Secretion, Figure 2; Glucagon Physiology, The Role of Glucagon in Diabetes.
Cited passages: Weiss, Steiner and Philipson, Introduction; Insulin Biogenesis and Mechanism of Release; Biochemistry and Electrophysiology of Insulin Secretion, PDF pp. 1, 4–8, 10–11.
Cited passages: Assessing Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance in Humans, Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamp, PDF pp. 4–6; Hyperinsulinemic Euglycemic Glucose Clamp; Advantages and Limitations, PDF pp. 4–6.
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation.
Published in JCI Insight, 4(10):e127994.
Cited passages: Figure 6G–H; Methods, Perifusion studies with human islets; Figures 4–6; Methods, mouse perifusion assays and Human islets — source and culture; Intraislet glucagon signaling is critical for maintaining glucose homeostasis, Figures 6–7.
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation.
Published in Journal of Clinical Investigation, 131(1):e142241.
Cited passages: Insulin signaling in health and disease, Figure 1A–B; Control of vesicle trafficking; Acute regulation of metabolic enzymes; Regulation of gluconeogenesis via changes in gene expression.
Reference work. Individual chapter authors and update dates are recorded below.
Publisher: National Center for Biotechnology Information (US).
Cited passages: Introduction to Diabetes, Classification; Introduction to Diabetes, The Action of Insulin and Glucose Transporters.
Publisher: American Physiological Society.
Published in American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 237(3):E214-E223.
Cited passages: DeFronzo, Tobin and Andres (1979), inspected abstract: contrasting clamp designs and biphasic insulin response.
Publisher: MDPI.
Published in International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.
Cited passages: §2.1.1, Core Temperature: internal sites and indirect measurement; §2.2.4, Evaporation: sweat secretion versus evaporation and blood-volume depletion; §2.3.1: behavioral heat conservation and dissipation; §2.3.1, Figure 1 and following paragraphs: circadian and pyrogen-related changes of the temperature set point.

The Wisdom of the Body by Walter Bradford Cannon (1932)

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By Walter Bradford Cannon.

Homeostasis (excerpt from The Wisdom of the Body)

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Online text: www.panarchy.org/cannon/homeostasis.1932.html
Cited passages: Homeostasis excerpt, paragraphs beginning The wonder increases, Resistance to changes and In short; hosting page identifies book and 1932 date.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla: secretion in response to sympathetic stimulation.
Publisher: National Library of Medicine.
This source is credited to an organization.
Cited passages: Epinephrine, D004837: Scope Note, entry term Adrenaline and Catecholamines tree placement.
MeSH 2026 descriptor D004837. This is a controlled-vocabulary record, not the discovery date of the substance.
Archives of Medicine, volume 1, pp. 100–102. Contemporary account of extraction, solubility, melting behaviour and equivalent-weight analysis. The early analytical claims must be distinguished from later revisions of purity and identity.

Excretin in A Text-book of Physiological Chemistry (1914)

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runeberg.org/physchem/0537.html
Tetra Pak, chapter 18: denatured whey proteins, lactose recovery and crystallization. Modern centrifugal and membrane operations are not attributed to an 1864 examination laboratory.
Tetra Pak, chapter 2: constituents, physical dispersion, casein precipitation and pH. Current dairy chemistry used to explain the historical separation question.
Health Professional Fact Sheet, “Iodine deficiency”: goitre and neurodevelopmental consequences, distinguished from historical lime-water claims.
Contemporary review, passage headed “Bread”, lists reported bulk additions and baking salts. Cited as a report of period allegations, not a new verification of every substance in English bread.
Primary account by Edward Frankland, American Journal of Science, volume 42, pp. 393–416, on combustion measurements and the quantitative problem of muscular power.
Contemporary source by William Odling, published in London by Longmans, Green. The historical source for the language of solar force and eremacausis.
Primary paper: Subunit counting in membrane-bound proteins, Nature Methods 4, 319–321 (2007). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2744285/
Cited passage: stepwise single-molecule photobleaching as a count of active fluorescent labels in membrane protein assemblies.
Primary paper: Cell-substrate contacts illuminated by total internal reflection fluorescence, Journal of Cell Biology 89, 141–145 (1981). doi.org/10.1083/jcb.89.1.141
Cited passage: evanescent excitation of near-substrate fluorophores and suppression of deeper fluorescence background.
Primary paper: Principles that govern the folding of protein chains, Science 181, 223–230 (1973). pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4124164/
Cited passage: thermodynamic hypothesis and reversible refolding experiments under specified environmental conditions.
Primary high-speed rotation study: substeps and two slow events within the catalytic dwell. The threefold catalytic arrangement does not imply three independent slow reactions in each dwell.
Primary report in Nano Letters 10, 4756–4761, on reversible fluorescent binding events and accumulated localization imaging of DNA nanostructures.
Science 289, 920–930. Substrate-analogue structures locate peptide-bond formation in an RNA-based active site of the ribosome.
Nature Methods 5, 155–157. Combines photoactivated localization microscopy and single-particle tracking to map molecular mobility in living cells.
Stabilized optical tweezers resolve repeated single-base-pair-scale advances of RNA polymerase; displacement analysis and independent transcript analysis connect motion to nucleotide incorporation.
The lecture describes binding changes, catalytic-site occupancy and coupling in ATP synthase.
This original single-molecule study, with Thorsten Hugel among its authors, identifies the Bacillus subtilis host in its introduction and tests a proposed packaging-motor motion. The host statement corrects the organism mismatch in the Oxford 2021 examination.
The model by Naama Barkai and Stanislas Leibler distinguishes robustness of adaptation from invariance of baseline activity. Figure 1b and equation 1 explain why output-dependent reverse modification can remove the need for tuning to ligand level.
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